Functional validation of VuANT1. a Transient expression of 35S::VuANT1 induced purple hairy roots in yardlong bean (VuANT1-OE). b Negative control (CK). c Relative expression levels of anthocyanin synthesis-related genes in yardlong bean hairy roots (CK and VuANT1-OE). VuPAL: Vigun01g160400; VuC4H:Vigun08g135200; Vu4CL: Vigun02g189900; VuCHS: Vigun01g080800; VuF3H: Vigun03g258800; VuDFRs: Vigun07g040600, Vigun08g013800, and Vigun08g013900; VuANS: Vigun02g171400. Three independent lines of yardlong bean hairy roots were used in gene expression analysis.