This illustration depicts the relationship between long-term exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5, PM2.5–10, NO2, and NOx) and the increased risk of various cardiac arrhythmias. The study followed 442,386 participants over 13.8 years, identifying significant associations between higher pollution levels and increased incidence of arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and conduction blocks. The graphs highlight the hazard ratios (HR) for arrhythmia risks associated with specific pollutant concentrations.